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Electronic countermeasures – Military defensive electronic systems designed to degrade enemy radar effectiveness, or deceive it with false information, to prevent enemies from locating local forces. It often consists of powerful microwave transmitters that can mimic enemy radar signals to create false target indications on the enemy radar screens. Radio broadcasting means transmission of audio to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. FM broadcasting was introduced in the late 1930s with improved fidelity. Most radios can receive both AM and FM and are called AM/FM receivers. Two radio transmitters in the same area that attempt to transmit on the same frequency will interfere with each other, causing garbled reception, so neither transmission may be received clearly.

These use even larger antennas called ground dipoles, consisting of two ground connections 23–60 km (14–37 mi) apart, linked by overhead transmission lines to a power plant transmitter. AM – in AM, the amplitude of the radio carrier wave is varied by the audio signal. AM broadcasting, the oldest broadcasting technology, is allowed in the AM broadcast bands, between 148–283 kHz in the low frequency band for longwave broadcasts and between 526–1706 kHz in the medium frequency band for medium-wave broadcasts. Because waves in these bands travel as ground waves following the terrain, AM radio stations can be received beyond the horizon at hundreds of miles distance, but AM has lower fidelity than FM. Radiated power of AM stations in the US is usually limited to a maximum of 10 kW, although a few (clear-channel stations) are allowed to transmit at 50 kW.

At Radio.net you will find over 60,000 radio stations from all over the world. Sit back and enjoy our wide range of radio programs, music and podcasts. Use radio.net easily in your browser or download our free radio app on your smartphone. Radio-Online.My — the best collection of FM stations in Malaysia! Convenient site navigation will help you easily find your favorite wave. Choose a station frequency in your city and listen to your favorite genres of music, in English, Malay and other languages 24 hours a day.

Most non-commercial stations rely either on subsidies from a nonprofit such as a university or listener contributions for their income. Let yourself drift a little in the radio database of radio.net and discover your favorite radio station. There are programs for PC and Mac that you can download and install to listen to web radio.

In OFDM, multiple radio carrier waves closely spaced in frequency are transmitted within the radio channel, with each carrier modulated with bits from the incoming bitstream so multiple bits are being sent simultaneously, in parallel. At the receiver, the carriers are demodulated and the bits are combined in the proper order into one bitstream. Radio direction finding – this is a general technique, used since the early 1900s, of using specialized radio receivers with directional antennas to determine the exact bearing of a radio signal, to determine the location of the transmitter. The location of a terrestrial transmitter can be determined by simple triangulation from bearings taken by two RDF stations separated geographically, as the point where the two bearing lines cross, this is called a "fix". Military forces use RDF to locate enemy forces by their tactical radio transmissions, counterintelligence services use it to locate clandestine transmitters used by espionage agents, and governments use it to locate unlicensed transmitters or interference sources.

Due to the small bandwidth, these systems cannot transmit voice, only text messages at a slow data rate. The communication channel is one-way, since the long antennas needed to transmit VLF or ELF waves cannot fit on a submarine. VLF transmitters use miles long wire antennas like umbrella antennas. A few nations use ELF transmitters operating around 80 Hz, which can communicate with submarines at lower depths.

So there is an incentive to employ technology to minimize the bandwidth used by radio services. The existence of radio waves was first proven by German physicist Heinrich Hertz on November 11, 1886. The first commercial radio broadcast was transmitted on November 2, 1920 when the live returns of the Harding-Cox presidential election were broadcast by Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in Pittsburgh, under the call sign KDKA. Canada when station XWA in Montreal began transmitting experimentally in September 1919 and on a regular schedule the next year. (The first commercially sponsored stations in Canada appeared in 1922.) The first British station offered two daily half-hour programs of talk and music from Chelmsford in 1919–20.

Many of these devices use the ISM bands, a series of frequency bands throughout the radio spectrum reserved for unlicensed use. Although they can be operated without a license, like all radio equipment these devices generally must be type-approved before the sale. Internet radio or web radio can be used to describe a station that broadcasts via streaming over the web instead of using the conventional FM frequencies.

The current television standard, introduced beginning in 2006, is a digital format called high-definition television , which transmits pictures at higher resolution, typically 1080 pixels high by 1920 pixels wide, at a rate of 25 or 30 frames per second. Therefore, each of the 6 MHz analog RF channels now carries up to 7 DTV channels – these are called "virtual channels". Digital television receivers have different behavior in the presence of poor reception or noise than analog television, called the "digital cliff" effect.